Two Former PT Timah Executives and Eight Bangka Belitung Province “Tin Bosses” Named Suspects, Tempo.co
The South Bangka Attorney General’s Office has named two former PT Timah Tbk officials and eight “tin bosses” as suspects. The case is related to the case of convicted corruption offender Harvey Moeis, reports Tempo.co.
By Servio Maranda for Tempo.co, February 19 and 27, 2026
The South Bangka Attorney General’s Office has named two former PT Timah Tbk officials and eight so-called tin bosses as suspects. They are suspected of involvement in criminal corruption offences with PT Timah managing tin ore mining through business partners in South Bangka Regency between 2015 and 2022.
The two former PT Timah officials named as suspects and immediately arrested are Ahmad Subagja, Director of Production Operations for PT Timah from 2012 to 2016; and Nur Adhi Kuncoro, Head of Production Operations Planning (POP) for PT Timah from 2015 to 2017.
Meanwhile, the suspects detained from the group of business partners include Director of CV Teman Jaya, Kurniawan Effendi Bong, Director of CV SR Bintang Babel, Harianto, and Director of PT Indometal Asia, Agus Slamet Prasetyo.
In addition, there are Director of PT Usaha Mandiri Bangun Persada, Steven Candra, Director of CV Bintang Terang, Hendro, Director of PT Bangun Basel, Hanizaruddin, Director of CV Candra Jaya, Yusuf, and Director of Usman Jaya Makmur, Usman Hamid.
“The results of an investigation by national Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) expert auditors on January 28, 2026, stated that the suspects’ actions resulted in losses to the South Bangka government totaling Rp 4.1 trillion (around $245 million),” said head of South Bangka Attorney General’s Office Sabrul Iman to reporters on February 18, 2026.
Investigators have questioned 29 witnesses, mining experts, and financial audit experts from the BPKP. The investigation results are contained in the final report. “In addition, 28 bundles of documents and 14 pieces of electronic evidence were also seized,” said Sabrul Iman.
According to Sabrul, the suspects are linked to Harvey Moeis, convicted of corruption offences in relation to tin management, representing the smelters PT Refined Bangka Tin, CV Venus Inti Perkasa, PT Sariwiguna Bina Sentosa, PT Stanindo Inti Perkasa, and PT Tinindo Inter Nusa. These companies were found guilty of conspiring with former PT Timah President Director Mochtar Riza Pahlevi.
Sabrul alleged Moeis and Pahlevi had entered into a lease agreement for tin ore smelting equipment, and requested that several business partners affiliated with the five smelters be granted legal status via a Letter of Agreement (SP) and Work Order (SPK). The goal was to allow them to mine within PT Timah’s mining permit (IUP) area.
“This was to meet the production needs of private smelters using the production of business partners within PT Timah’s mining permit (IUP) area,” Sabrul said.
PT Timah, Sabrul alleged further, then legalized the mining and purchase of tin ore by issuing Letters of Agreement and Work Orders to several business partners. However, this was illegal as it did not meet the requirements, one of which was the lack of approval from the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources.
When the business partners obtained this unlawful authorization, said Sabrul, the tin ore mining activities that should have been carried out by PT Timah, as the permit holder, were replaced by the business partners. In fact, these business partners should only have been able to carry out mining services under a mining services business permit (IUJP).
Further, several business partners have also collected tin ore from illegal miners to sell to PT Timah illegally. The basis of the Work Orders were calculated on a tonnage per stannum (SN) basis and not based on compensation for services based on work volume or time.
When PT Timah obtained tin ore from its business partners, it gave the ore to private smelters in accord with the original agreement made by convicted Pahlevi and Moeis. “They received a fee of US$500 to US$750 per ton, packaged in the form of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) benefit,” Sabrul explained.
Sabrul added that the partnership program was not intended to replace PT Timah’s role as the IUP permit holder in conducting mining activities. Rather, as an instrument to improve the welfare of the communities around the mine by them providing mining services and compensating them in return.
“The suspects will be detained at the Class IIA Tua Tunu Penitentiary in Pangkalpinang City for the next 20 days, from February 18, 2026, to March 9, 2026,” Sabrul explained.
Former Candidate for South Bangka Deputy Regent Arrested
Meanwhile on February 27, 2026, Tempo.co reported the South Bangka Attorney General’s Office has also named CV Diratama director, Doni Indra, a corruption suspect over the management of tin ore mining by PT Timah in South Bangka Regency from 2015 to 2022. As well as being a businessman, in 2020 Doni Indra stood for election as Deputy Regent of South Bangka in regional elections.
At the time, Doni stood alongside Rina Tarol. However, the pair, supported by the Golkar Party, the Democratic Party, the National Awakening Party (PKB), and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), lost to Riza Herdavid and Debby Vita Dewi.
Acting Head of the South Bangka Attorney General’s Office, Herri Hendra, said Doni Indra was the ninth suspect detained from a group of business partners of PT Timah formally named in Suspect Determination No. TAP-14/L.9.15/Fd.2/02/2025 dated February 26, 2026, and Investigation Warrant No. PRIN-14/L.9.15/Fd.02/02/2026 dated February 26, 2026.
“Given the two pieces of evidence and the threat of a five-year prison term, as well as providing false information and obstructing the investigation process, suspect DI is being held at the Pangkalpinang Class IIA Penitentiary for the next twenty days, from February 26, 2026, to March 17, 2026,” said Herri on February 26, 2026.
Herri alleged that PT Timah’s mining activities from 2015 to 2022 were carried out by CV Diratama as a business partner under a mining services partnership program. The arrangement was established by a Letter of Agreement (SP) and Work Order (SPK). However, the company is regarded as being in violation of the law because its operations did not comply with the regulations and did not meet the requirements for a business partner.
“After issuing the agreement and work order, CV Diratama did not conduct mining services but instead mined and sold or transacted mining products, including tin ore, to PT Timah,” Herri alleged.
According to Herri, these activities were then manipulated by the PT Timah board of directors to authorize the mining and purchase of tin ore from illegal mines operating inside PT Timah’s mining permit (IUP) area. As a result, PT Timah’s payments to CV Diratama were made unlawfully, resulting in financial losses to the government.
“Based on the audit report on the calculation of financial losses to the government prepared by the BPKP dated May 28, 2024, and the expert examination by the expert auditors by the BPKP on January 28, 2026, losses to the South Bangka Regency government totaled Rp 4.1 trillion (around $245 million),” he said.
Doni Indra follows other PT Timah business partners who have also been named as suspects: Kurniawan Effendi Bong (KEB), director of CV Teman Jaya; Harianto (HR), director of CV SR Bintang Babel; Agus Slamet Prasetyo (ASP), director of PT Indometal Asia; Steven Candra (SC), director of PT Usaha Mandiri Bangun Persada; Hendro (HD), director of CV Bintang Terang; Hanizaruddin (HZ), director of PT Bangun Basel; Yusuf (YS), director of CV Candra Jaya; and Usman Hamid (UH), director of Usman Jaya Makmur.
Meanwhile, suspects named from within PT Timah by the South Bangka Attorney General’s Office include Ahmad Subagja, PT Timah’s former Director of Production Operations from 2012 to 2016, and Nur Adhi Kuncoro, PT Timah’s former Head of Production Operations Planning (POP) from 2015 to 2017.
Servio Maranda is a Tempo.co contributor in Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung Islands Province.
This post is based on https://www.tempo.co/hukum/2-eks-pejabat-pt-timah-dan-8-bos-timah-babel-jadi-tersangka-2116096 and https://www.tempo.co/hukum/eks-cawabup-bangka-selatan-ditahan-di-kasus-timah-ilegal-2118201. Featured image credit: CV Diratama CEO Doni Indra being escorted by prosecutors to the South Bangka Attorney General’s Office on Thursday evening (February 26, 2026). Photo source: Dika TVRI/Info Bangka https://bangkaselatan.pikiran-rakyat.com/bangka-belitung/pr-36310038418/korupsi-timah-rp4-triliun-doni-indra-bos-cv-diratama-eks-cawabup-basel-resmi-tersangka.
In earlier news…
PT Timah Corruption Case Defendants’ Sentences Increased on Appeal by Jakarta High Court
By Jihan Ristiyanti for Tempo.co, March 1, 2025
Indonesian Court hands down harsher penalties in multi billion-dollar mining corruption case
The Jakarta High Court has increased the sentences of four defendants involved in the corruption case concerning the management of tin commodities within PT Timah Tbk’s mining concession area from 2015 to 2022. The defendants—Emil Ermindra, Suwito Gunawan (also known as Awi), Robert Indarto, and Kwan Yung (also known as Buyung)—received harsher penalties upon appeal.
[PT Timah Tbk is an Indonesian state-owned enterprise (SOE). It is a subsidiary of MIND ID (Mining Industry Indonesia), the Indonesian government’s mining holding company. PT Timah is one of the world’s largest integrated tin mining companies and is publicly listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) under the ticker TINS, with the Indonesian government holding a controlling stake.]
Emil Ermindra, who served as PT Timah Tbk’s Finance Director from 2016 to 2020, had his prison sentence increased to 20 years. The presiding judge, Artha Theresia, stated that the Jakarta High Court’s panel of judges had decided to impose a harsher sentence after considering appeals from both the public prosecutor and Emil against the previous verdict issued by the Jakarta Corruption Court (Tipikor). This information was obtained from a copy of the appellate decision received in Jakarta on Thursday, February 27, 2025, as reported by Indonesia’s state news service Antara.
In addition to the extended prison term, Emil’s fine was raised to Rp1 billion, with a provision that failure to pay would result in an additional six months of imprisonment. The court also imposed an additional penalty requiring Emil to pay Rp493.4 million in compensation. Should he lack sufficient assets to cover the amount, he would face an additional six years in prison.
The Jakarta High Court also increased the sentences for other defendants involved in the case:
- Suwito Gunawan, the beneficial owner of PT Stanindo Inti Perkasa (SIP), received a 16-year prison sentence, a Rp1 billion fine (substitutable with six months of imprisonment), and was ordered to pay Rp2.2 trillion in compensation (substitutable with eight years of imprisonment).
- Robert Indarto, Director of PT Sariwiguna Binasentosa (SBS), was sentenced to 18 years in prison, fined Rp1 billion (substitutable with six months of imprisonment), and required to pay Rp1.92 trillion in compensation (substitutable with ten years of imprisonment).
- Kwan Yung, a tin ore collector, received a 10-year prison sentence and a Rp750 million fine (substitutable with six months of imprisonment).
Previously, other defendants in this case also received increased sentences upon appeal. For example, Harvey Moeis, initially sentenced to 6.5 years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and ordered to pay Rp210 billion in compensation, had his sentence increased to 20 years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and Rp240 billion in compensation. Similarly, Helena Lim’s sentence was increased from five years in prison, a Rp750 million fine, and Rp900 million in compensation to ten years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and Rp900 million in compensation.
Additionally, Mochtar Riza’s sentence was elevated from eight years in prison and a Rp750 million fine to 20 years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and Rp493.3 billion in compensation. Suparta’s sentence was increased from eight years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and Rp4.57 trillion in compensation to 19 years in prison, a Rp1 billion fine, and Rp4.57 trillion in compensation. Reza’s sentence was raised from five years in prison and a Rp750 million fine to ten years in prison and a Rp750 million fine.
The defendants were found guilty of involvement in corruption related to the management of tin commodity trading within PT Timah Tbk’s mining business license area from 2015 to 2022, resulting in state financial losses amounting to Rp300 trillion.
This post is based on https://www.tempo.co/hukum/pengadilan-tinggi-jakarta-perberat-vonis-4-terdakwa-korupsi-pt-timah-1213728.
In earlier news…
Jakarta High Court Increases Sentence for Former PT Timah Finance Director Emil Ermindra
By Amelia Rahima Sari for Tempo.co, February 27, 2025
Court hands down harsher punishment in tin corruption case, citing severe financial losses and environmental damage
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – The Jakarta High Court has once again handed down a harsher sentence in the ongoing PT Timah corruption case. Following the increased sentences for Harvey Moeis, Helena Lim, and several other defendants, the court has now imposed a longer prison term on Emil Ermindra, the former finance director of PT Timah Tbk.
In a ruling issued on Tuesday, February 25, 2025, the appellate panel sentenced Emil to 20 years in prison—an increase from the eight-year sentence previously handed down by the Jakarta Corruption Court (Tipikor). The decision, cited on Thursday, February 27, 2025, states “The court sentences the defendant Emil Ermindra to 20 years in prison.”
According to a copy of the ruling (Case No. 8/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PT DKI) obtained by Tempo.co, the appellate panel consisted of Chief Judge Sri Andini and members Judge Barita Lumban Gaol, Judge Nelson Pasaribu, Judge Anthon R. Saragih, and Judge Hotma Maya Marbun.
The new sentence is also harsher than the 12-year prison term sought by prosecutors. In addition to the prison sentence, the court ordered Emil to pay a Rp1 billion fine, with a six-month prison term in lieu of payment. The fine exceeds the Rp750 million penalty imposed in the initial ruling.
While the Jakarta Corruption Court did not require Emil to pay restitution, the High Court has now imposed an additional penalty, ordering him to repay Rp493.39 billion to the state. “The court sentences the defendant Emil Ermindra to pay restitution to the state in the amount of Rp493,399,704,345 (Rp493.39 billion),” the ruling states.
The appellate panel considered several factors in its decision, weighing both aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Among the aggravating factors, the judges noted that Emil knowingly disregarded the government’s anti-corruption efforts. Further, the court highlighted the severe financial losses to the state and the extensive environmental damage caused by illegal mining.
The ruling explicitly states: “Mitigating factors: none.”
Prior to sentencing Emil, the Jakarta High Court had also granted the prosecutors’ appeals against other defendants in the case, including Harvey Moeis, Helena Lim, Suparta, Mochtar Riza Pahlevi Tabrani, and Reza Andriansyah.
Source: Tempo.co
***
Former PT Timah Executives Receive Lighter Sentences Than Prosecutors Requested in $20 Billion Corruption Case
By Dian Rahma Fika for Tempo.co, December 30, 2024
Court sentences ex-CEO and ex-finance director to eight years in prison, four years less than prosecution’s demand
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – The Jakarta Corruption Court (Tipikor) has sentenced former PT Timah Tbk CEO Mochtar Riza Pahlevi Tabrani and former Finance Director Emil Ermindra to eight years in prison each, a sentence lower than the 12-year prison term sought by prosecutors. Both were convicted in connection with corruption in the management of tin commodity trading within PT Timah’s mining concession area from 2015 to 2022.
“The court sentences defendants Mochtar Riza Pahlevi Tabrani and Emil Ermindra to eight years in prison,” Chief Judge Rianto Adam Pontoh announced while reading the verdict at the Jakarta Corruption Court on Monday, December 30, 2024.
The sentences fell four years short of the prosecution’s request, which also called for both defendants to pay fines of Rp1 billion or serve an additional year in prison. However, the court reduced the fine to Rp750 million, with a subsidiary sentence of six months in prison if unpaid.
The ruling was delivered alongside the sentencing of MB Gunawan, the former CEO of PT Stanindo Inti Perkasa (PT SIP), a business partner of PT Timah. The court similarly imposed a lighter sentence on Gunawan than prosecutors had sought. “The court sentences defendant MB Gunawan to five years and six months in prison and a fine of Rp500 million,” Judge Rianto stated.
Gunawan’s sentence was also lower than the prosecution’s demand of eight years in prison. If he fails to pay the fine, he will serve an additional four months in prison.
The court found all three defendants guilty of violating Article 2, Paragraph 1, in conjunction with Article 18 of the Anti-Corruption Law, as well as Article 55, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of Indonesia’s Criminal Code.
The case has drawn national attention due to its vast financial and environmental impact. Prosecutors charged Mochtar, Emil, and Gunawan with contributing to severe environmental destruction within PT Timah’s mining concession area, both in forested and non-forested areas. An audit by the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) on May 28, 2024, estimated state losses from the corruption scheme at Rp300 trillion (approximately $US20 billion).
This ruling came before the Jakarta High Court later issued a harsher sentence for Emil Ermindra, increasing his prison term to 20 years and imposing additional financial penalties.
Source: Tempo.co
***
Former PT Timah Executive Claims Prosecutors Criminalizing Him in Tin Corruption Case
By Amelia Rahima Sari for Tempo.co, December 12, 2024
Ex-Finance Director Emil Ermindra delivers emotional defense, denies wrongdoing
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – Former PT Timah Tbk Finance Director Emil Ermindra delivered his defense plea in response to the prosecution’s charges in the ongoing corruption case linked to the company’s tin commodity trading. The executive, who served from 2016 to 2020, was visibly emotional as he read his statement in court.
Emil recounted that he was named a suspect in the case on February 16, 2024, at 5:45 p.m., a moment that, he said, filled him with regret and guilt—especially toward his wife, children, and parents. “Who will be the breadwinner for them?” he asked, choking up during his statement before the Jakarta Corruption Court on Thursday, December 12, 2024.
While in remand, Emil claimed, he had been consumed by remorse. However, he insisted that all his actions at PT Timah were aimed at improving the company’s performance and were carried out in accordance with standard operating procedures. “I feel I’m being criminalized by the investigators and public prosecutors,” he stated.
Emil argued that he was never involved in PT Timah’s cooperation with five private smelting companies. He also denied any role in establishing the so-called shell companies that prosecutors alleged were affiliated with PT Timah and its private smelting partners. “I never arranged for tin ore to be purchased from illegal miners using CV Salsabila,” he said, referring to one of the companies named in the case. He denied controlling the firm for personal gain.
Emil also criticized the prosecution’s sentencing request. “Twelve years in prison—such a cruel demand,” he said.
He went on to assert that if he had really taken illicit funds, he would have accepted any punishment. “Even if I were sentenced to 1,000 years, I would accept it. But I never enriched myself or anyone else in this case,” he stated.
He also opposed the financial penalties sought by prosecutors, which included a Rp1 billion ($64,000) fine and Rp493.39 billion ($31.5 million) in restitution. “If I had that kind of money, I would have used it for my wife’s cancer treatment,” he added.
Emil’s defense team echoed his claims, arguing that the broader economic and industry conditions should be considered.
“First, the rise of illegal mining in Bangka Belitung after 1999, when tin was no longer classified as a strategic commodity, created unhealthy competition and drove tin prices down,” his legal counsel stated.
They also highlighted increased competition from private smelters since the 2000s, combined with PT Timah’s dependence on global tin prices, which saw a downturn in 2019.
“The company’s focus on offshore production led to lower ore extraction and metal production, especially from onshore mines,” the defense argued.
PT Timah’s internal financial situation was also dire, they claimed, pointing to declining export volumes, falling sales revenue, and rising costs that led to financial losses. The company, they said, faced working capital shortages, frozen credit facilities, and even employee protests due to a crisis of confidence in management.
“We firmly believe that based on the legally admissible evidence presented during the trial, Emil Ermindra has not committed corruption,” his defense team concluded.
Despite his defense plea, Emil was ultimately sentenced to eight years in prison, with the the Jakarta High Court later increased his sentence to 20 years following an appeal.
Source: Tempo.co
***
Indonesia’s Attorney General’s Office Claims Fugitive Tetian Wahyudi Involved in PT Timah Corruption Case
By Mutia Yuantisya for Tempo.co, September 30, 2024
Prosecutors state that authorities will continue searching for Tetian Wahyudi in coordination with law enforcement agencies.
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – The Head of the Legal Information Center at Indonesia’s Attorney General’s Office, Harli Siregar, stated that investigators had summoned CV Salsabila Utama Director Tetian Wahyudi multiple times as a witness in the PT Timah corruption case. However, Tetian had failed to appear for questioning.
As a result, the Attorney General’s Office designated Tetian Wahyudi a fugitive in the tin corruption case. “He was summoned multiple times as a witness but failed to comply with the investigators’ summons,” Harli told Tempo via WhatsApp on Saturday, September 28, 2024.
According to Harli, Tetian played a role in supplying high-grade tin ore through the Residual Processing Program (SHP). However, the SHP program was intended for the conservation of low-grade metallic minerals sourced from panning activities, not for high-grade tin minerals.
This had raised suspicions that the high-grade tin ore supplied by Tetian originated from illegal mining rather than panning activities. Tetian’s business operations were limited to delivering tin ore.
Public Prosecutor Wazir Iman Supriyanto from the Attorney General’s Office confirmed that Tetian Wahyudi had been placed on the wanted list in connection with the tin corruption case. “The individual in question was not present when investigators sought to question him, and he has since been declared a fugitive,” the prosecutor stated in response to a judge’s inquiry regarding Tetian’s whereabouts during a witness deposition hearing at the Jakarta Corruption Court (Tipikor) on Wednesday, September 4, 2024.
According to state news wire service Antara, the prosecutor stated that Tetian had not yet been questioned by investigators because he was never found at his residence when visited by law enforcement.
Local government sources informed prosecutors that Tetian was no longer residing at the two addresses visited by investigators. However, the Attorney General’s Office assured it would continue searching for Tetian in coordination with other law enforcement agencies.
Tetian’s name emerged during the testimony of Achmad Haspani, General Manager of Production Investment Operations at PT Timah Tbk, who testified as a witness in the corruption case involving the management of tin commodity trading within PT Timah’s mining concession area from 2015 to 2022.
During his testimony, Haspani testified that Tetian had expressed anger toward him, citing his close ties to PT Timah’s board of directors. Haspani said Tetian visited his home late at night, accompanied by an intelligence officer named Ismu, whose official position was unclear. “But Ismu was with the Pangkal Pinang Police. They came to my house in the Bukit Baru Complex late at night,” Haspani testified.
According to the indictment in the tin corruption case, CV Salsabila Utama was controlled by Tetian in coordination with PT Timah’s former President Director Mochtar Riza Pahlevi Tabrani (2016–2021) and former Finance Director Emil Ermindra (2016–2020), both of whom are defendants in separate related cases. The company was allegedly used by the three to purchase tin ore from PT Timah’s mining concession for personal financial gain.
Source: Tempo.co
This post is based on https://www.tempo.co/hukum/pengadilan-tinggi-jakarta-perberat-vonis-4-terdakwa-korupsi-pt-timah-1213728; https://www.tempo.co/hukum/hukuman-eks-direktur-pt-timah-emil-ermindra-diperberat-jadi-20-tahun-penjara-1212889; https://www.tempo.co/hukum/vonis-eks-dirut-pt-timah-lebih-rendah-daripada-tuntutan-jaksa-dalam-korupsi-timah-rp-300-triliun-1187947; https://www.tempo.co/hukum/bacakan-pleidoi-eks-petinggi-pt-timah-saya-merasa-dikriminalisasi-jaksa-1180578; and https://www.tempo.co/hukum/kejaksaan-agung-ungkap-peran-dpo-tetian-wahyudi-pada-korupsi-timah-4389.
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- https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/tin-market-still-beholden-fortunes-myanmar-mine-2025-09-05/
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-15/prabowo-signals-intention-to-go-after-illegal-mines-in-indonesia
- https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4785173/kejagung-ungkap-peran-advokat-dirpem-tv-swasta-yang-rintangi-penyidikan
- https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/trump-tariffs-tin-lme-metals-seven-charts-andy-home-2025-04-04/
- https://storiesfromindonesia.com/2024/07/31/corruption-20b-losses-to-gov-in-timah-case-former-provincial-official-charged-kompas/
- https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesian-prosecutors-name-five-tin-mining-firms-accused-illegal-mining-2025-01-02/
- https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/corruption-indonesia-tin-mining/
- https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/did-illegal-tin-mines-really-steal-26-billion-from-the-indonesian-state/
- https://storiesfromindonesia.com/2024/09/10/corruption-indonesias-president-allegedly-encouraged-illegal-mining/
- https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/feb/05/green-activists-warn-london-metal-exchange-over-possibly-criminal-copper-trading
- https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/legal-test-case-against-freeport-papua-mine-targets-london-metal-exchange/news-story/22f41ae1c65d95f7817f96d2f95bf9dc
- https://storiesfromindonesia.com/2025/04/22/journal-article-geopolitics-of-the-seabed-offshore-tin-mining-in-indonesia-territory-politics-governance-journal/
- https://projectmultatuli.org/setelah-skandal-korupsi-timah-terbongkar-tata-kelola-mandek-warga-menanggung-kerusakan-alam-dan-ekonomi/




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